OCCTSwift Architecture Overview

Purpose

OCCTSwift provides a Swift-native interface to OpenCASCADE Technology (OCCT), a professional-grade B-Rep (Boundary Representation) solid modeling kernel. This enables iOS/macOS applications to perform CAD-level geometric operations that are impossible with SceneKit or RealityKit alone.

Why This Exists

Apple’s 3D frameworks (SceneKit, RealityKit) are designed for visualization and gaming, not CAD:

Capability	SceneKit/RealityKit	OCCT
Boolean operations (CSG)	No	Yes
Sweep along curved path	No	Yes
NURBS curves/surfaces	No	Yes
STEP file export	No	Yes
64-bit precision	No (32-bit only)	Yes
Filleting/chamfering	No	Yes

OCCTSwift bridges this gap by using OCCT for geometry generation and Apple frameworks for visualization.

Layer Architecture

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                     Swift Application                            │
│                 (RailwayCAD, or any CAD app)                     │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
                              │
                              ▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                    OCCTSwift (Swift API)                         │
│  ┌───────────┐  ┌───────────┐  ┌───────────┐  ┌───────────┐     │
│  │  Shape    │  │   Wire    │  │   Mesh    │  │ Exporter  │     │
│  │           │  │           │  │           │  │           │     │
│  │ - box()   │  │ - rect()  │  │ - verts   │  │ - STL     │     │
│  │ - sweep() │  │ - arc()   │  │ - normals │  │ - STEP    │     │
│  │ - union() │  │ - bspline │  │ - indices │  │           │     │
│  └───────────┘  └───────────┘  └───────────┘  └───────────┘     │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
                              │
                              │ Swift calls Obj-C
                              ▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                  OCCTBridge (Objective-C++)                      │
│                                                                  │
│  C-style functions with opaque handles:                          │
│  - OCCTShapeRef, OCCTWireRef, OCCTMeshRef                        │
│  - OCCTShapeCreateBox(), OCCTShapeUnion(), etc.                  │
│                                                                  │
│  Internally wraps OCCT C++ objects:                              │
│  - TopoDS_Shape, TopoDS_Wire, etc.                               │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
                              │
                              │ C++ calls
                              ▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                OpenCASCADE Technology (C++)                      │
│                                                                  │
│  Modules used:                                                   │
│  - TKernel, TKMath       (core utilities)                        │
│  - TKG2d, TKG3d          (2D/3D geometry)                        │
│  - TKBRep, TKTopAlgo     (B-Rep topology)                        │
│  - TKPrim                (primitive shapes)                      │
│  - TKBO                  (boolean operations)                    │
│  - TKFillet, TKOffset    (modifications)                         │
│  - TKMesh                (triangulation)                         │
│  - TKSTEP, TKSTL         (file export)                           │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Design Decisions

1. C-Style Bridge (not Objective-C Classes)

We use C functions with opaque pointers rather than Objective-C classes because:

Simpler memory model: Explicit OCCTShapeRelease() avoids ARC/C++ destructor conflicts
No bridging overhead: Direct function calls, no message dispatch
Easier to maintain: Clear ownership semantics
Thread safety: No hidden retain/release cycles

// Bridge API uses opaque handles
typedef struct OCCTShape* OCCTShapeRef;
OCCTShapeRef OCCTShapeCreateBox(double w, double h, double d);
void OCCTShapeRelease(OCCTShapeRef shape);

2. Value Semantics in Swift (Internally Reference)

Swift Shape class wraps the handle and releases on deinit:

public final class Shape {
    internal let handle: OCCTShapeRef

    deinit {
        OCCTShapeRelease(handle)  // Clean C++ resources
    }
}

Operations return new Shape instances (immutable pattern):

let box = Shape.box(width: 10, height: 5, depth: 3)
let rounded = box.filleted(radius: 0.5)  // New shape, box unchanged

3. SIMD Types for Vectors

We use Swift’s SIMD3<Double> for 3D points/vectors:

Consistent with Apple frameworks
Hardware-accelerated operations
Clear semantics (vs tuple or array)

let offset = SIMD3<Double>(10, 0, 0)
let moved = shape.translated(by: offset)

4. Mesh as Separate Type

Mesh is distinct from Shape because:

Different data: Shape is B-Rep topology; Mesh is triangles
One-way conversion: Shape → Mesh (tessellation), not reversible
Different uses: Mesh for display/export; Shape for operations

let shape = Shape.box(width: 10, height: 5, depth: 3)
let mesh = shape.mesh(linearDeflection: 0.1)  // Tessellate
let geometry = mesh.sceneKitGeometry()         // For display

5. Error Handling Strategy

OCCT operations can fail (e.g., self-intersecting boolean). Current strategy:

Return empty/null shapes on failure (OCCT’s default behavior)
isValid property for validation
healed() for repair attempts

Future consideration: Swift throws for explicit error handling.

Memory Management

OCCT Handles

OCCT uses reference-counted handles (opencascade::handle<T>). Our bridge:

Creates OCCT objects on the heap
Wraps in our struct containing the handle
Returns opaque pointer to Swift
Swift class releases via bridge function on deinit

Swift Shape        OCCTShape struct       OCCT Handle
┌──────────┐       ┌──────────────┐       ┌──────────────┐
│ handle ──┼──────►│ TopoDS_Shape │──────►│ Actual data  │
└──────────┘       └──────────────┘       └──────────────┘
     │                                           ▲
     │ deinit                                    │
     ▼                                           │
OCCTShapeRelease() ─── delete struct ─── releases handle

Thread Safety

OCCT is not thread-safe for shared objects
Each Shape should be used from one thread
For concurrent operations, create separate shapes

File Organization

OCCTSwift/
├── Package.swift               # SPM configuration
├── README.md                   # Quick start guide
├── Sources/
│   ├── OCCTSwift/              # Swift public API
│   │   ├── Shape.swift         # 3D shapes, booleans, modifications
│   │   ├── Wire.swift          # 2D/3D wire profiles and paths
│   │   ├── Face.swift          # Face surface analysis
│   │   ├── Edge.swift          # Edge curve analysis
│   │   ├── Curve2D.swift       # 2D parametric curves (Geom2d)
│   │   ├── Curve3D.swift       # 3D parametric curves (Geom)
│   │   ├── Surface.swift       # Parametric surfaces (Geom)
│   │   ├── Document.swift      # XDE assembly + OCAF
│   │   ├── Mesh.swift          # Triangulated mesh data
│   │   └── Exporter.swift      # Multi-format export
│   └── OCCTBridge/             # Objective-C++ bridge
│       ├── include/
│       │   └── OCCTBridge.h    # C function declarations
│       └── src/
│           └── OCCTBridge.mm   # OCCT C++ implementations
├── Libraries/
│   └── OCCT.xcframework/       # Pre-built OCCT 8.0.0-rc5
├── Scripts/
│   └── build-occt.sh           # Build OCCT from source
├── Tests/
│   └── OCCT<Domain>Tests/      # Per-domain Swift Testing targets (Analysis, Modeling, Surface, …)
└── docs/                       # Documentation

Performance Considerations

Expensive Operations

Boolean operations: O(n²) or worse; avoid in tight loops
Meshing: Depends on deflection; smaller = more triangles
Sweep along complex path: B-spline evaluation is costly

Optimization Strategies

Batch operations: Build compound, then mesh once
Cache meshes: Don’t re-mesh unchanged shapes
Appropriate deflection: 0.1mm for preview, 0.01mm for export
Background threading: Heavy operations off main thread

Integration with SceneKit

Typical workflow:

// 1. Create geometry with OCCT
let rail = Shape.sweep(profile: railProfile, along: trackPath)

// 2. Tessellate for display
let mesh = rail.mesh(linearDeflection: 0.1)

// 3. Create SceneKit geometry
let geometry = mesh.sceneKitGeometry()
geometry.materials = [railMaterial]

// 4. Add to scene
let node = SCNNode(geometry: geometry)
scene.rootNode.addChildNode(node)

Extension Points

Adding New Shape Operations

Add C function declaration to OCCTBridge.h
Implement in OCCTBridge.mm using OCCT classes
Add Swift wrapper method to Shape.swift
Add tests and documentation

Adding New Export Formats

Add export function to OCCTBridge.h
Implement using OCCT’s TKDExxx modules
Add Swift wrapper to Exporter.swift

Adding New Wire/Curve Types

Add creation function to OCCTBridge.h
Implement using OCCT’s Geom/BRepBuilderAPI classes
Add Swift factory method to Wire.swift